EPP
221 - Introduction to River Restoration, Part I: Physical Processes
Dates: March 20-22, 2012
(River Restoration Professional
Certificate Core Course 1) Successful river restoration projects
are planned within a watershed context and incorporate techniques
based on the developing theoretical framework for river restoration
science. For professionals, it is no longer enough to be expert
in a field of discipline; it is necessary to understand the
collaborative process and know how to integrate individual
practice with other disciplines on the team.
This required introductory
course provides a wide-angle view of the constantly evolving
philosophy and science of river management and restoration.
It will give you an understanding of the full range of skills
and project roles needed to develop and implement a river
restoration project. This course is designed for consultants,
natural resources managers, regulators, environmental planners,
engineers, biologists, contractors and concerned members of
the public that have an interest in river restoration. It
will be led by facilitator and program technical director
Dr. Janine Castro, a regional expert in river restoration
and geomorphology, and will feature invited speakers and field
visits. This three day short course will introduce
you to:
EPP
222 - Introduction to River Restoration, Part II: Ecological
Processes
Dates:
April 17-19, 2012
(River Restoration Professional
Certificate Core Course 2) This three-day course will provide
river restoration professionals with essential knowledge of
the types of streams present in the Pacific Northwest and
the habitat and aquatic ecosystems common and unique to each.
Stream ecosystems are as complex and varied as the types of
streams themselves, from ephemeral mountain creeks to large,
industrialized waterways like the Willamette River. Each has
complex collections of habitats and life forms adapted to
living and breeding in flowing water. Habitats vary widely
between undercut banks and pools, midstream riffles and rapids,
and alcove and other off-channel refugia. Each habitat has
its own specifically adapted assemblage of aquatic creatures
who interact in a complex web of nutrient processing, predation,
and habitat alteration.
The instruction will focus
on stream ecology as it relates to river restoration planning,
implementation, and monitoring. Participants will learn how
the success of river restoration is dependent on the proper
assessment of current and desired-condition stream ecology.
Instruction will be field-intensive and focused on the biology
and habitat needs of salmonids. Facilitator, Bianca Streif, will
lead the course, supported by regional experts in biology,
fisheries, water quality, and environmental sustainability.
This three-day course will teach you the basics of:
Stream
types and habitat elements
Stream biodiversity, limiting
factors and carrying capacity
Water quantity and quality
Life cycles, seasonality,
and nutrient cycling
Biofilms
Aquatic species and predator/prey
relationships
Environmental sustainability:
concepts and connections
EPP
223 - Stream Reconnaissance and Assessment Tools
Dates: September 25-28
2012
(River Restoration Professional
Certificate Core Course 3) The success of a river restoration
project depends on the understanding of the river system and
its function within the watershed. Complex interacting processes
occur on a variety of temporal and spatial scales, and numerous
tools are available to help analyze these processes and predict
the likely impact of restoration measures. The ability to
choose and implement assessment methods appropriate to the
project at hand can make the difference between expensive
studies that yield few useful results, and insightful tools
that help guide planning for years.
This course will familiarize
participants with the most widely-used assessment and reconnaissance
methods in our region, and will provide a framework for developing
river restoration assessment and monitoring plans. The focus
will be on best practice methods and integrating new studies
with watershed-wide and regional corridor studies. Led by
John Dvorsky and Liz Gilliam, the course will feature instruction
by regional experts in stream corridor evaluation / assessment
techniques and modeling. This three and a half-day course
will teach you the basics of:
Watershed analyses
Interrelationships of watersheds
and streams
Geomorphic assessments
Evaluating stream stability
Riparian and aquatic habitat
evaluation and assessment techniques
Fee includes: All instruction
and program facilitation, resource manual, transportation
to/from the field, morning coffee/tea, a certificate of completion for this offering
is provided.
Available
Professional Credit: 3.1 CEU, 31 PDH.
Academic Credit: Optional 2 graduate credits available
for a fee.
(River Restoration Professional
Certificate Core Course 4) Recent research has found that many
river restoration designs fail because they were created to
achieve a preconceived notion of the ideal form and function
of the stream without recognizing the dynamic processes at work in that watershed. Others fail due to lack of sound alternatives
analysis and fundamental engineering. The most successful
rely on a fusion of stream mechanics knowledge and progressive
design techniques. This approach establishes and supports those stream
processes that create and maintain channel form and associated
habitats.
In this course, participants
will learn about a variety of design approaches and steps
for alternative analysis of stream restoration projects. A
design process will be demonstrated that integrates landscape
scale considerations of geology, soils, and hydrology, with
stream processes of hydraulics, sediment transport and geomorphology.
Alternative analysis will focus on providing resiliency to
stream systems in light of dominant stream processes overlain
with biologic goals and human values. The overall focus will
be on understanding and design of best management practices
in the river restoration context, and on use of process-based
design approaches. Classroom and field case examples will
be used to demonstrate implementation of a variety of design
approaches and techniques. Led by Rob Sampson P.E., the course
will feature instruction by regional restoration design experts.
This five-day course will teach you the basics of:
Obtaining input and scientific
information
Placing alternatives in
context of geomorphology, hydrology, channel geometry, sediment budget, sediment transport and management
Pre-requisite: Introduction to River Restoration, Part I: Physical Processes
Fee includes: All instruction
and program facilitation, resource manual, transportation
to/from the field, morning coffee/tea, a certificate of completion for this offering
is provided.
Available Professional Credit: 3.5 CEU,
35 PDH.
Academic Credit: Optional 2 graduate credits available for a fee.
(River Restoration Professional
Certificate Core Course 5) While river restoration science is
complex, many projects fail due to lack of funding and coordination
between the partners. In a climate of restricted funding,
project management skills and systems are critical to maximizing
project cost-effectiveness. In addition, restoration projects
depend heavily on collaboration and buy-in of affected landowners,
local governments, and other stakeholders. The collaborative
nature of river restoration projects requires the cooperation
of multiple agencies, consultants, and stakeholders at every
phase of project selection, planning and implementation. Many
river restoration teams undertake complex and large-scale
projects without a full appreciation for these management
and communication complexities.
This course will lead participants
through the process of building multi-agency and interdisciplinary
teams, setting up administrative systems, and creating internal
and public communication plans. Case examples will be provided
for various restoration project types and scales. Facilitated
by Bruce Henderson and Dan Warren, speakers will include representatives
from state and federal agencies, consulting firms, and non-governmental
organizations. This three day course will teach you
the basics of:
Project management principles
and goals management
Building the project: choosing
and managing interdisciplinary teams
Communications and information
management
Defining the internal capacity
to do the job
Project scheduling
Marketing and public relations
Stakeholder assessment, management,
and compliance
Administration: coordinating
MOAs and contracts
Project levels, structures,
schedule, and fiscal management
Managing designers, construction
crews, contractors, and volunteers
Designer-contractor interactions
and responsibilities
Fee includes:
All instruction and program facilitation, resource manual,
transportation to/from the field, morning coffee/tea, a certificate of
completion for this offering is provided.
Available Professional Credit: 2.3 CEU,
23 PDH.
Academic Credit: Optional 1 graduate credit available for a fee.
EPP
233 - RiverRAT: River Restoration and Analysis Tools
Dates: TBA
The Pacific Northwest continues to be an international leader in the field of stream restoration, and as such, regulatory reviewers are often faced with novel project types that are not yet supported by industry standards. While appropriate and necessary given the state of our river systems, this does pose unique challenges when reviewers are faced with evaluating a stream restoration project.
To address this challenge, NOAA Fisheries and USFWS collaboratively commissioned research in 2008-09 to develop a Science Document and accompanying tools to support more consistent and comprehensive reviews of stream management and restoration proposals. The Science Document synthesizes the body of knowledge in fluvial geomorphology and river management, and presents it in a way that is accessible to a broad scientific and management audience. Accompanying the Science Document are three tools: (1) a Risk Matrix that relatively ranks risks due to project and stream response potential; (2) a Project Information Checklist to assist in evaluating whether a proposal includes all the information necessary to allow critical and thorough project evaluation; and (3) a project evaluation tool named RiverRAT that guides reviewers through the steps necessary to critically evaluate the quality of the information submitted, the goals and objectives of the project, project planning and development, project design, geomorphic-habitat-species relevance, and risks to listed species. The tools and supporting Science Document are publically available at www.restorationreview.com, and are now being commonly used for review by various state and federal agencies.
This course will provide a comprehensive overview of the science underpinning river restoration, use of the Risk Matrix, application of the Project Information Checklist, and use of RiverRAT utilizing a real restoration project. This course is intended for anyone involved in the planning, design, implementation, monitoring, funding, and/or review of stream restoration or management actions.
Time: 8am to 5pm
Location: Portland, OR
Instructors:Janine Castro, Ph.D., R.G., Geomorphologist, US Fish & Wildlife Service, Portland, OR; George Pess, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA; Brian Cluer, NOAA Fisheries, Santa Rosa, CA
Fee:TBA
Fee includes:
All instruction and program facilitation, resource manual, morning coffee/tea, a certificate of
completion for this offering is provided.
This
course meets one Elective requirement for the PSU River Restoration
Professional Certificate.
EPP
231 - Principles of Streambank Analysis & Stabilization
Dates: TBA
This three-day lecture and field course is designed for both public and private professionals engaged in stream investigation, management, stabilization and restoration. The course is designed to clearly demonstrate the essential links between research, analysis, design, project implementation, and post-project evaluation. Lectures will introduce the fundamental concepts linking streambank processes and geomorphic adjustments in the fluvial system. Field work will allow students to evaluate and quantify force and resistance mechanisms that control streambank-erosion processes, failure mechanisms, and the importance of basal scour to sustained bank retreat in alluvial channels. Hands-on modeling will provide students with the opportunity to investigate the factors which control bank stability, while also recognizing the significance of these factors when designing mitigation measures. All students will be provided with bank-stability modeling software for future use.
Course highlights include:
Review of fundamental principles behind channel adjustment
Role of bank erosion in fluvial adjustment and sediment yields
Mechanics of streambank erosion
Field investigation methodologies
Bank-stability modeling
Guiding principles for bank stabilization
Post-project appraisal approaches
Prerequisites: Students attending this course should have solid algebraic and analytical skills. Experience using Microsoft Excel or similar spreadsheet programs is highly recommended. A laptop computer is also recommended for running bank-stability software provided during class.
Time: 8am to 5pm
Location: Portland, OR
Instructors: Andrew Simon, Ph.D., Geomorphologist, USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS; Janine Castro, Ph.D., R.G., Geomorphologist, US Fish & Wildlife Service, Portland, OR
Fee: TBA
Fee includes:
All instruction and program facilitation, resource manual,
transportation to/from the field, morning coffee/tea, a certificate of
completion for this offering is provided.
This
course meets one Elective requirement for the PSU River Restoration
Professional Certificate.
Available Professional Credit: 2.0 CEU,
20 PDH.
Academic Credit: Optional 1 graduate credit available for a fee.
EPP
232 - Streambank Soil Bioengineering Technical Training
Dates: TBA
This streambank soil bioengineering technical training is a 2 day classroom introduction to Bioengineering treatments. Included is a brief review of stream dynamics, hydrology, hydraulics, sediment transport, riparian vegetation concepts, principles for implementing bioengineering treatments, riparian plant propagation, and plant identification. The workshop includes the presentation of a variety of streambank soil bioengineering practices with instructor provided firsthand account of their design and installation. Workshop photographs depict applications across the United States, Canada, Afghanistan, and Guatemala. Material and concepts presented in the workshop are intended for a variety of participants from the beginner to intermediate levels of experience. The course is not recommended for those with extensive experience working in riparian zones utilizing bioengineering principles. Some basic engineering equations are presented in the review portion, but there are no complex derivations or lengthy discussion of the equations. There is considerable discussion of riparian plants, how they grow, and how to propagate them since plants are the tools used to increase the strength and structure of the soil and in turn to reduce streambank erosion. This two day course will teach you the basics in:
Streambank soil bioengineering treatments
Using riparian vegetation, both woody and herbaceous
Plant propagation techniques
Riparian plant identification
Floodplain restoration techniques
Streambank and shoreline protection
Stream channel stabilization
Fish habitat improvement
Best management practices
Instructor:Chris Hoag and Ed Giering, PE, PLS Time: 8:00 – 5:00 Location: World Forestry Center, Portland, Oregon Fee: $450
Fee includes: All instruction and program facilitation, resource manual and cd, morning coffee/tea, a certificate of completion for this offering is provided.
This class will emphasize field character identification of the wetland species and associated upland buffer species found in the Puget lowland region of Washington (approximately 12 trees and 60 shrubs, including willows). The format will be a lecture/laboratory setup. The taxa examined will include common lowland, freshwater (and a few estuarine) species. Fresh material will be provided if in season. Winter characteristics (buds, leaf scars, pith, and bark) will be covered. The class instruction will be oriented towards the needs of shoreline planners, delineators, OHWM determinations, and restoration.
Class will begin with a short lecture covering the terminology and salient morphological characteristics needed for a taxonomic identification of the species of choice, field characteristics, some ecological aspects of the species’ common habitat, commonly associated species, distribution, potential use for restoration purposes, and any special ecological requirements. Lecture materials will include drawings, slides, and plant material.
A great training course needed by anyone who intends to delineate,
restore, or work with wetlands. The course includes both lecture and
"hands-on" field work.
Following completion of this course, you will understand how to identify
and delineate wetlands according to the procedures and standards
established by the US Army Corps of Engineers, with particular emphasis
on the Regional Supplements for the Western Mountains, Valleys and
Coast, as well as the Arid West. The course is designed and taught by
expert practitioners in the field of wetland delineation with decades of
field experience. This course is appropriate for both professionals and
students; it qualifies as credit towards certification through the
Society of Wetland Scientist Professional Certification Program.
Our PSU Basic Wetland Delineation Training Course, though nationally
applicable, focuses on wetlands of the Pacific Northwest. Topics include
wetland parameters (hydrology, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydric soils)
and regional field indicators, technical criteria, delineation
procedures, disturbed areas guidance, and recognizing problem areas.
Class text includes lecture notes and field handouts.
EPP
717 - Hydric Soil Indicators for Regional Supplements
Dates: April 24-25, 2012
This is a recommended 2-day advanced course for wetland delineators. The course covers the fundamental relationship between soil formation and hydric soil indicators, in the context of delineating wetlands according to the procedures and standards established by the new regional supplements for the Western Mountains, Valleys and Coast, plus the Arid West.
This lecture and field course will focus on a "hands-on" understanding and the ability to interpret landforms, document soil profiles, describe redoximorphic features, and hydric soil determination.
One-third of the course will be lecture; the remaining time will involve numerous field stops within the Portland Metropolitan area. Field study will include examining redoximorphic features, describing drained hydric soils, and properly applying hydric soil indicators. Other topics include land forms and geomorphology, soil taxonomy and chemistry, sampling depths and measurements, and analysis of wetland situations lacking hydric soil indicators.
This course requires some wetland hiking, carrying field gear and some labor. Hiking/walking may involve slippery or wet, uneven ground that is often without trails.
EPP
719 - Wetland Hydrology Indicators and Problem Situations
Dates: May 22-23, 2012
This two-day course will provide wetland professionals with an in-depth understanding of hydrologic conditions that form and sustain wetlands. Instruction will focus on identification of hydrology sources (precipitation, ground water, streams), as well as the hydrology indicators specified by the Western Mountains, Valley & Coast and Arid West regional supplements to the 1987 Wetland Delineation Manual.
The course will examine delineation situations where one or more of the evaluation parameters has been disturbed or missing (problematic situations). Common examples of these situations include grazed pastures, cultivated fields, drained/artificial wetlands, seasonal wetlands, and riparian wetlands. These examples are common occurrences in urban areas within the Western U.S., as well as other regions. This course is intended for wetland professionals wanting to expand their knowledge of wetland hydrology and better assess disturbed delineation sites. It qualifies as credit towards certification through the Society of Wetland Scientist Professional Certification Program, as well as elective credit toward the PSU River Restoration Professional Certificate.
The course instructor has over 20 years of wetland delineation and training experience, with an emphasis on hydric soils, wetland hydrology, and disturbed site delineations. The course format will be mostly instruction in the mornings and field visits in the afternoon. The field visits will teach participants to apply wetland hydrology indicators, examine hydrology sources, document problematic situations, and refine delineation skills. This two-day course will teach you the basics of:
Wetland hydrology fundamentals
Regional delineation indicators for Western U.S.
Field documentation of wetland hydrology
Understanding of problematic delineation situations
Application of wetland indicators on problematic sites
This course requires some wetland hiking, carrying field gear and some labor. Hiking/walking may involve slippery or wet, uneven ground that is often without trails.
Fee includes: All instruction and field activities, lecture notes, transportation to/from the field sites, morning coffee/tea, plus lunch/drinks on the second day of course. A certificate of completion for this offering is provided.
This five day laboratory and
field wetland plant identification course focuses on teaching
you to identify wetland plants. You will learn the taxonomic
identification skills necessary to identify most common species
of wetland plants in the Pacific Northwest. Students will
be introduced to the National List of Plants Species that
occur in wetlands, and will consider the indicator status
of species seen in various habitats across the wetland landscape.
Lecture-labs (with lots of microscope and hand-lens work)
and field study will cover terminology, field characteristics,
keying, habitat preferences, species distribution and species
assemblages. Emphasis will be placed on teaching field characteristics
of the wetland plants, including how to key sedges, grasses,
rushes, and willows. Participants should have some familiarity
with our NW flora and be aware of the National List of Plants
that occur in wetlands. An "advanced beginner" course,
students are NOT expected to be proficient in plant taxonomy
or wetland ecology. This course is intended for those interested
in:
Wetland plants
Delineation
Restoration
Native landscaping
Function assessment (including
the Hydrogeomorphic Approach)
Fee Includes: Instruction,
resource manual, specimens, microscope use, a very significant
manual covering all the wetland plant families, complete with
diagrams, notes, and hard to find keys.
Needed in Class: Cooke,
Wetland Plants of Western Washington and NW Oregon.
Recommended: Hitchcock,
Flora of the Pacific Northwest
Available Professional Credit: 3.2 CEU,
32 PDH.
Academic Credit: 2 optional graduate credits for additional fee.
EPP
725 - Freshwater Mussels of the Pacific Northwest
Dates: TBA
This combination classroom and field trip will provide participants with an understanding of the ecology of freshwater mussels, their identification, complex life history and status in the Northwest. Exotic bivalves, including zebra and quagga mussels and the Asian clam, will also be covered, as well as native bivalves other than mussels.
Students will learn the relationship of mussels to native fishes, their importance as indicator species and environmental factors leading to their decline. Recent genetic work on local species will be reviewed. Past Native American use of mussels will be covered. Techniques for sampling mussels that can be used by the students will be outlined. The status of mussels as seen by natural resource agencies and groups will be reviewed as well as additional information needed by agencies for mussel protection. Take-home handouts (including the field guide, Freshwater Mussels of the Pacific Northwest) will be provided to assist with identification, life history information and information on non-native mollusks. This class will enable participants to understand, participate in and advocate protection and management that freshwater mussels need in the Northwest to continue to survive.
The classroom part of the workshop will consist of lectures with slides by the instructor, presentations by other mussel biologists, videos and examination of mussel shells. The second day is dedicated to site visits at two local waterways to examine and discuss mussel habitat requirements and look for mussel shells and live mussels.
The class will be an introduction to Northwest mussels. It is intended for persons with some biological background but not necessarily specific knowledge of mollusks.
Time: Class (8/10)- 9 am to 5 pm
Time: Field (8/11)- 9 am to 3 pm
Location: Class - Multnomah county Drainage District No. 1, 1880 NE Elrod Dr, Portland, OR
“If you work for the Federal Government or your projects receive any federal funding, you need to understand and know how to work with NEPA.”
Besides the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is the most important environmental law in our country. This course shows you how NEPA establishes national environmental policies, how it provides the framework for federal agency planning, and what the procedures are that ensures the federal agencies consider the environmental implications of their actions before they make decisions.
Covered in the course is how to prepare Environmental Assessments (EA's) and Environmental Impact Statements (EIS's), both mandated by NEPA.
This class is for anyone implementing federal funds for environmental projects including regulators, engineers, scientists, consultants, and planners.
You will benefit by learning:
The fundamentals of NEPA
NEPA’s legal and regulatory framework
How to determine when NEPA applies
How to prepare Environmental Assessments (EA's), Findings of No Significant Impacts, and when an EIS is required
The NEPA distinction between “purpose and need” and “alternatives“
The key factors involved with EIS preparation
How to prepare adequate, defensible, and useful environmental documents
The current standards of judicial review, and
How to integrate NEPA with other federal, state, and local requirements and permits.
Time: 8:30 am to 5 pm
Location: Portland State
University
Instructor: Ronald Bass, Coauthor of The NEPA Book, A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Comply with the National Environmental Policy Act; and Kim Marcotte
EPP
753 - Environmental Planning, Permitting, and Project Management
Dates: TBA
“Project managers don’t like costly surprises. Especially regulatory surprises!”
This course should not only prevent regulatory surprises, but teach you to coordinate your planning so that you may integrate all your permits at the planning stage, identify environmentally superior alternatives, and reduce costs and project schedule time.
Many projects trigger the need for multiple environmental permits and certifications that require similar information and involve parallel permitting schedules. This one-day course will focus on how to integrate federal, state, and local environmental regulations and permits into a “no-surprises” project plan. Emphasis will be on providing the resources and information needed to conduct a preliminary constraints analysis, understanding the various permitting processes and how they relate to one another, and the importance of early and frequent coordination with the appropriate resource agencies.
The course presents regulatory constraints in a graphic, geography-based manner utilizing case studies to illustrate the planning and permitting process. The primary regulations covered iinclude the Clean Water Act (wetlands and water quality), the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the National Historic Preservation Act. As examples of local regulations, e.g., Oregon’s wetland removal/fill law and Statewide Planning Goals will be covered briefly.
This course is designed for professionals faced with projects that are potentially constrained by natural resource issues, permitting schedules, and connections to natural resource function and values. It is particularly important for land managers, regulators, environmental planers, and civil engineers, landscape architects, contractors, and scientists.
This course does not cover any one of the regulations in exhaustive detail. As a planning methodology, it will provide a basis for understanding common regulatory integration issues.
Instructor: Shane Latimer, Ph.D., Ecologist, Consultant, Jones & Stokes
EPP
720b - Grasses, Sedges and Rushes of the Pacific NW
Dates: October 10-11, 2012
This two day laboratory course will emphasize field character identification of the most common freshwater, estuarine wetland, and associated upland buffer species found in the Puget lowland region of Washington and Oregon. The format will be a lecture/laboratory setup. Ample dried material will be available for everyone to practice their keying skills.
Each class will begin with a short lecture covering the terminology and salient morphological characteristics needed for a taxonomic identification of the species of choice, field characteristics, some ecological aspects of the species’ common habitat, commonly associated species, distribution, potential use for restoration purposes, and any special ecological requirements. Lecture materials will include drawings, slides, and dried plant material. The class instruction will be oriented towards the needs of shoreline planners, delineators, OHWM determinations, and restoration ecologists.
Fee Includes: Instruction,
resource manual, use of microscopes, and coffee
Available Professional Credit: 1.6 CEU or 16 PDH
credit
Academic Credit: Optional 1 graduate credit available for a fee.
Required Text: Hitchcock and Cronquist,
1973, Flora of the Pacific Northwest
Or
Hitchcock,
Cronquist, Ownby, and Thompson, 1971, Vascular Plants of
the Pacific Northwest, Part 1: Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms,
and Monocotyledons
Required Materials (bring to class as these are not provided): Hand Lens (10x)
and dissecting kit that includes a probe, razor blade, ruler,
and fine tipped tweezers
The wetland mitigation site assessment and design course begins at "square one" for wetland scientists, regulators and other professionals intending to design and/or review mitigation projects. Lectures would focus on site assessment variables for soil conditions, expected hydrology, seed germination, flood risk, compatibility with adjacent lands uses, and related factors. Within these topics, the instructor will include additional discussion on soil formation, wetland hydrology and plant wetness tolerance. Field visits would include examination of several completed mitigation projects, plus workshop-style site assessments to provide participants with hands-on experience determining the suitability of a prospective mitigation site. The final day of class would involve "pulling it all together" to design a mitigation area and provide an itemized list of benefits, conflicts, and opportunities. The regulatory framework for wetland mitigation will also be presented; however, that framework would not be exclusive to Oregon. It is helpful for participants to have previously taken the basic wetland delineation class or other advanced PSU wetland classes (hydric soils, plant identification, etc.); however, there are no required prerequisites for this mitigation class. There will be several evening reading assignments distributed during class.